Toxicity of poison from spider Nephila sp.

Toxicity of poison from spider Nephila sp. to Aëdes aegypti L. larvae

YAYAN SANJAYA♥, TINA SAFARIA

Program Studi Biologi FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI), Bandung 40154

ABSTRACT

A research about the toxicity of poison from spider Nephila sp. unto larvae of Aëdes aegypti L. had been done. The objectives of this research were to get the information about the toxicity of poison from spider Nephila sp. into larvae A. aegypti. The experiment method of this research was using Randomized Complete Block Design. This experiment used all of four instars of A. aegypti larvae. The experiment of each instar had been done with six treatments of the lethal concentration from spiders poison. Those six treatments were 1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Each treatment had four replications. The result of this research showed that poison from spider Nephila sp. is toxic unto the larvae of A. aegypti. The average of lethal concentration for the first instar is 13.11%, for the second instar is 28.16%, for the third instar is 41.46% and for the fourth instar is 63.09%.

Key words: toxicity, lethal concentration (LC50), spider Nephila sp. and larvae of Aëdes aegypti L.

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A Fossil Wood of Dipterocarpaceae

A Fossil Wood of Dipterocarpaceae from Pliocene Deposit in the

West Region of Java Island, Indonesia

YANCE I. MANDANG1, NORIKO KAGEMORI

1 Forest Product Research and Development Center, Bogor 16610, Indonesia.

2 Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 6110011, Japan.

ABSTRACT

Fossil woods in Java Island have been excavated and sold for outdoor ornaments or indoor decoration purposes since 30 years ago. These fossils are in danger of being drained out without known identities, composition and history. This study was aimed to find out the botanical identity and geographical aspect of a newly recovered silicified fossil wood from Banten area in the west region of Java Island. The fossil trunk 28 m in length and 105 cm in diameter was buried in a tuffaceous sandstone layer. The age of the stratum was thought to be Lower Pliocene. A small sample was cut from the outer part of the log and then ground to obtain thin section for anatomical observation. The main anatomical features of the fossil wood are as follows: wood diffuse porous; vessel almost exclusively solitary, vascicentric tracheid present; axial intercellular canal present, distributed in long tangential rows; fibers with distinctly bordered pit. These features show affinities of the fossil wood to the extant wood Dryobalanops of the family Dipterocarpaceae, regardless of the fact that this genus is no longer exists living in the natural forest of the present day Java Island.

Keywords: fossil wood, Dipterocarpaceae, Dryobalanoxylon, Pliocene, Java Island.

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Precision of Nest Method in Estimating Orangutan Population

Precision of Nest Method in Estimating Orangutan Population and Determination of Important Ecological Factors for Management of Conservation Forest

Yanto Santosa* dan Dede Aulia Rahman

Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680

Abstract

Orangutan as an umbrella species is closely interlinked with sustainable forest management meaning that the protection of this species has implications on the protection of other species and maintain ecosystem stability. The total natural habitat required to support orangutan’s population could only be determined by the appropriate population size. It is associated with the carrying capacity to accommodate or fulfill the habitat requirements of a wildlife population. Selection and delineation of core and wilderness zones as habitat preference should be based on the results of preference test shown by the spatial distribution of orangutan population. Value of the coefficient of variation (CV) was used to observe the precision of the population estimation and to identify important ecological factors in selection of nesting trees. The study resulted in varied CV spatial values for various habitat types: 22.60%, 11.20%, and 13.30% for heath, lowland dipterocarp, and peat swamp forest, respectively. In the other side, CV temporal values for various habitat types were 5.35%, 22.60%, and 17.60% for heath, lowland dipterocarp, and peat swamp forest, respectively. This indicated that the population density in each type of forest ecosystems had a variation based on location and did not varied according to time of survey. The use of nest survey technique showed good reliable results in estimating orangutan population density. Efforts to improve the precision of estimation can be done by formulating r value as the harmonic average of nest production rates and t as the average of nest decay time per nest category. Selection of habitat preference and nest trees were influenced by food availability thus should form important consideration in conducting nest survey to avoid bias in estimating orangutan populations.

Keywords: conservation forest management, nest survey, orangutan, population size, ecological factors


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Ekologi Perairan Delta Wulan

Ekologi Perairan Delta Wulan Demak Jawa Tengah: Distribusi Kepiting (Infra Ordo Brachyura dan Anomura) di Kawasan Mangrove

Chrisna Adhi Suryono

Jurusan Ilmu Kelautan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang Telp. 08164244909

Abstrak

Perairan Delta Wulan merupakan salah satu kawasan bermangrove yang masih tersisa dengan baik di wilayah Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah. Daratan delta tersebut dimanfaatkan sebagai tambak baik ikan, udang maupun kerang. Banyak organisme yang berasosiasi dengan mangrove salah satunya adalah kepiting. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi kepiting di kawasan mangrove tersebut. Pengambilan sampel kepiting dilakukan di kawasan mangrove dengan luasan 5x5 m pada 4 stasiun yang berbeda. Hasil pengamatan ditemukan 12 jenis kepiting dan 9 jenis mangrove yang terdistribusi di keempat stasiun. Keduabelas jenis kepiting hampir tersebar di keseluruhan stasiun, jumlah individu terbanyak di temukan pada stasiun I yang lokasinya dekat laut sedangkan yang terkecil pada stasiun IV yang lokasinya jauh dari laut. Pola sebaran kepiting pada masing masing stasiun adalah mengelompok dan komunitas kepiting pada stasiun II, III dan IV memiliki kesamaan yang tinggi diatas 90%.

Kata kunci : Delta Wulan, kepiting, mangrove.

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Analisis Aspek Ekologi Penatakelolaan Minawisata Bahari di Kepulauan Spermonde

Analisis Aspek Ekologi Penatakelolaan Minawisata Bahari di Kepulauan Spermonde Kabupaten Pangkep, Sulawesi Selatan

Muhammad Kasnir

Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan UMI, Jl. Urip Sumoharjo Kampus II Km.06 , Makassar 90231 Telp (0411) 446940, Email: muh_kasnir@yahoo.co.id.

Abstrak

Pemanfaatan berbagai kegiatan di perairan Kepulauan Spermonde menyebabkan kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang dan padang lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji aspek ekologi penatakelolaan pengembangan minawisata bahari. Penelitian dilaksanakan Maret-Agustus 2010 di Kepulauan Spermonde, yaitu pada Pulau Sapuli, P. Satando, P. Saugi, P. Cambang-cambang, P. Salemo, P. Sakoala, P. Sabangko, P. Sagara, P. Sabutung, dan Gusung Torajae. Penentuan stasiun didasarkan atas hasil citra satelit, jenis data yaitu; kualitas air terdiri dari Suhu, salinitas, pH, kecerahan, kedalaman, kecepatan arus, dan substrat, DO, Fosfat dan nitrat. Kondisi penutupan karang menggunakan metode line intercept transect. Hubungan antara karakteristik lingkungan perairan dengan ekosistem menggunakan Correspondence Analysis. Hasil diperoleh bahwa kondisi tutupan karang hidup dalam kategori rusak buruk hingga baik, kondisi kualitas air masih memungkinkan dilakukan untuk berbagai pemanfaatan, sedangkan hubungan karakteristik lingkungan peraira dengan kondisi terumbu karang ditemukan dua ciri kelompok, Luasan peruntukan minawisata bahari diperoleh luasan yaitu wisata pantai 29,39 ha, wisata bahari 742,47 ha, karamba jaring apung 2.438,27 ha, budidaya rumput 136,98 ha dan perikanan karang di bagian luar perairan P. Sapuli, dan Gusung Torajae.

Kata kunci: Ekologi, penatakelolaan dan minawisata bahari


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Population Dynamic of The Swallowtail Butterfly

Population Dynamic of The Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio polytes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Dry and Wet Seasons

SUWARNO♥

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Syiah Kuala, Jl. Syekh Abdur Rauf No. 3, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Aceh, Indonesia, Tel.: +62-651-742821, Fax: +62-651-7552291, ♥email: j_suwarno@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Suwarno (2010) Population dynamic of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in dry and wet seasons. Biodiversitas 11: 19-23. The population dynamic of Papilio polytes L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in dry and wet seasons was investigated in the citrus orchard in Tasek Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Population of immature stages of P. polytes was observed alternate day from January to March 2006 (dry season, DS), from April to July 2006 (secondary wet season, SWS), and from October to December 2006 (primary wet season, PWS). The population dynamics of the immature stages of P. polytes varied between seasons. The immature stages of P. polytes are more abundance and significantly different in the PWS than those of the DS and the SWS. The larval densities in all seasons decreased with progressive development of the instar stages. Predators and parasitoids are the main factor in regulating the population abundance of immature stages of P. polytes. There were positive correlations between the abundance of immature stages of P. polytes and their natural enemies abundance in each season. Ooencyrtus papilioni Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the most egg parasitoid. Oxyopes quadrifasciatus L. Koch. and O. elegans L. Koch. (Araneae: Oxyopidae) are the main predators in the young larvae, meanwhile Sycanus dichotomus Stal. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae), Calotes versicolor Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae), birds and praying mantis attacked the older larvae.

Key words: population dynamic, seasons, Papilio polytes, immature stages, natural enemies.

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Potensi Makroalga Jenis Caulerpa

VARIASI CIRI MORFOLOGI DAN POTENSI MAKROALGA JENIS CAULERPA DI PANTAI KONDANG MERAK KABUPATEN MALANG

Murni Saptasari

ABSTRAK

Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman makroalga jenis baik yang bersifat “will crop” maupun beberapa yang telah dibudidayakan Salah satu makroalga dari kelas Chlorophyceae yaitu Caulerpa merupakan sumber daya hayati kelautanPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi jenis-jenis Caulerpa yang ditemukan di Pantai Kondang Merak. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif-eksplorasi. Lokasi penelitian berada di kawasan wana wisata Pantai Kondang Merak yang secara administrasi berada di wilayah Kabupaten Malang. Bahan amatan atau spesimen adalah jenis Caulerpa yang ditemukan di plot pengamatan atau petak cuplikan pada batu karang, pasir serta intensitas cahaya yang cukup Jenis Caulerpa yang ditemukan di Pantai Kondang Merak ada enam jenis termasuk suku Caulerpaceae dan bangsa Siphonales.Ciri secara umum dari Caulerpa adalah keseluruhan tubuhnya terdiri dari satu sel dengan bagian bawah yang menjalar menyerupai stolon yang mempunyai rhizoid sebagai alat pelekat pada subtrat serta bagian yang tegak disebut asimilator.Bentuk asimilator bervariasi tergantung jenisnya.Caulerpa merupakan salah satu jenis alga hijau yang belum banyak dimanfaatkan dan termasuk dalam Feather Seaweed. Feather Seaweed dilaporkan sebagai makroalga yang dapat dimakan, mempunyai zat bioaktif seperti anti bakteri, anti jamur, anti tumor dan bisa digunakan untuk terapi tekanan darah tinggi dan gondok.Penelitian mengenai eksplorasi dan pengolahan Caulerpa perlu dikembangkan mengingat Caulerpa memiliki potensi sebagai bahan obat, pangan dan gizi.

Kata Kunci;Caulerpa,variasi morfologi,potensi, pantai Kondang Merak

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Mutualism Between Bats and Pitcher Plants

A Novel Resource–Service Mutualism Between Bats and Pitcher Plants

T. Ulmar Grafe1,*, Caroline R. Scho¨ ner2, Gerald Kerth3, Anissa Junaidi1 and Michael G. Scho¨ ner2

1Department of Biology, University Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong 1410, Brunei Darussalam

2Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Wu¨rzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Wu¨rzburg, Germany

3Zoological Institute and Museum, Greifswald University, Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Strasse 11/12, 17489 Greifswald, Germany

*Author for correspondence (grafe@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de).

Abstract

Mutualistic relationships between vertebrates and plants apart from the pollen and seeddispersal syndromes are rare. At first view, carnivorous pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes seem to be highly unlikely candidates for mutualistic interactions with animals, as they form dimorphic terrestrial and aerial pitchers that trap arthropods and small vertebrates. Surprisingly, however, the aerial pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana variety elongata are poor insect traps, with low amounts of insectattractive volatile compounds and lo amounts of digestive fluid. Here, we show that N. rafflesiana elongata gains an estimated 33.8 per cent of the total foliar nitrogen from the faeces of Hardwicke’s woolly bats (Kerivoula hardwickii hardwickii) that exclusively roost in its aerial pitchers. This is the first case in which the faeces-trapping syndrome has been documented in a pitcher plant that attracts bats and only the second case of a mutualistic association between a carnivorous plant and a mammal to date. 

Keywords: Kerivoula hardwickii; Nepenthes rafflesiana variety elongata; mutualism; nitrogen acquisition

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Lowland-Edge Vegetation on Habitat of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Rubber Forest of Tabalong District, South Kalimantan

Lowland-Edge Vegetation on Habitat of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Rubber Forest of Tabalong District, South Kalimantan

MOCHAMAD ARIEF SOENDJOTO1,2,♥, HADI SUKADI ALIKODRA3, MOHAMMAD BISMARK4, HERU SETIJANTO5

1 Program Doktor Ilmu Pengetahuan Kehutanan, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Petanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor 16680

2 Jurusan Manajemen Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (UNLAM) Banjarbaru 70714,

3 Jurusan Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Petanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor 16680

4 Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Departemen Kehutanan, Bogor 16118

5 Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Petanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor 16680

ABSTRACT

The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) frequently visits certain lowland (baruh) and never visits other, although both lowlands are inundated during rainy season or even have no water during the dry season. Data on seedling, sapling, pole, and tree of two former lowlands and of two latter ones were collected. Important value indexes were compared based on Renkonen similarity index. Treatments on vegetation were qualitatively recorded. The former lowlands had more diverse vegetation and higher security level than the latter had. Food sources, such as Hevea brasiliensis, Syzygium stapfiana, Vitex pubescens, Elaeocarpus stipularis, and Artocarpus teysmanii were available and more abundant on the former lowlands which were poorly cared. However, such condition could change anytime, because all lowlands include in the cultivated area.

Keywords: lowland-edge vegetation, Nasalis larvatus, rubber forest, Tabalong.

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Inventarisasi Anggrek di Cagar Alam Gunung Tinombala, Kabupaten Tolitoli, Sulawesi Tengah

Inventory of orchids in Mount Tinombala Natural Reserve, Tolitoli Regency, 

Central Sulawesi

DYAN MEININGSASI SISWOYO PUTRI♥

Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Tabanan, Bali 82191.

ABSTRACT

The aims of the research were to inventory the flora of Sulawesi, especially orchids in the Mount Tinombala Natural Reserve and to collect the plant materials for planting as a collection plants in Bali Botanical Garden. The method used in this research was explorative method at the place with altitude more than 700 m above sea level. The result of the research was 50 collection number of orchids which was consist of 72 specimens, 19 families and 24 species found in the Mount Tinombala Natural Reserve, Tolitoli Regency, Central Sulawesi. Two numbers of them that unidentified yet called as a genus dubious. Dendrobium and Eria were the genus that dominant in the natural reserve and one species that predicted as a new collection for the Bali Botanic Garden was Macodes petola Lindl.

Key words: orchids, inventory, Mount Tinombala Natural Reserve, Tolitoli, Central Sulawesi.

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